Pat Toole Sr.
The make-or-break project kept engineers just out of college working around the clock hunting down bugs. The product had so much buzz that speculators bought up units to resell later for a profit. The company invested so much in development that its future was riding on success.
This wasn't a phone or an app or even a new crypto-payments platform. It was 1964, and IBM was about to launch the System/360 mainframe.
"You felt like you were in the right place," Pat Toole, Sr., an engineer on the team, recalled recently.
The System/360 was the first in a family of mainframes that would come to dominate enterprise computing for the next 20 years. The 360 celebrates its 50th birthday on April 7, and Toole's story offers an inside look at how it began.
Toole graduated from the University of Detroit in 1960 with a degree in electrical engineering. Sputnik had launched a few years earlier and the space race was underway. Jet planes were replacing propeller-driven aircraft and the nuclear power industry was about to be born.
"It was a fantastic time to be an engineer," he said.
It was also when vacuum tubes were giving way to transistors, and engineers like Toole, who had studied metallurgy and solid-state design, were in high demand. He took a job at IBM -- as prestigious then as landing a job at Apple or Google today -- where he helped to retrain engineers on the new transistors.
The System/360 broke new ground in many ways, including the use of the first rudimentary integrated circuits. Until then, transistors and other components were soldered directly onto circuit boards and then wired together after the fact. For the 360, IBM designed a module on which components were pre-integrated on a ceramic substrate, covered with a cap and stamped with a part number.
The chip module was a precursor to today's highly integrated microprocessors and offered several benefits, including greater reliability and durability. IBM also created some of the first automated design tools to build the chips. It was a huge undertaking, and it would turn IBM into the world's largest chip maker when mainframe production ramped up a few years later.
There was just one snag with the chip modules: IBM couldn't figure out how to successfully manufacture them.
Toole was the quality control manager for the circuit boards and on the front lines of trying to make the production process work. Still in his mid-twenties, he held a job at IBM that would previously have gone to someone much older, a measure of how fast things were changing.
"The company was growing so rapidly with the new technology that literally hundreds of people like me got thrown into different pieces of the 360. You were expected to perform and everything had to happen on time," he said.
The chip modules had to be mounted on circuit boards and run through an automated solder process, which meant high temperatures and exposure to chemicals. The first modules were covered with a varnish, but the varnish became brittle and flaked. The engineers switched to a rubberized material, but the rubber expanded and caused electrical failures.
IBM's management in upstate New York became concerned. "Obviously this thing went screaming up to the top of Endicott and Poughkeepsie because [the problems] basically shut the line down," Toole recalled.
He and his team had to test out so many modules so quickly that they ended up designing a special board with a small light bulb so that they could see quickly if the electrical circuit was still functioning as it moved through parts of the process.
"We literally didn't sleep for a couple of days, running things through the process, making sure we had all the right data."
In the end, he was able to isolate the problem. The design fix included covering the module with a metal cap that would allow it to survive the process.
Based on that and other work he did, Toole and his wife were treated to dinner at New York City's luxurious Waldorf Astoria Hotel and a night in its Eisenhower Suite. He received an outstanding contribution award, including a check for $1,000 presented by then-president Tom Watson Jr. and Watson's mother.
"I might have been 26 at the time," he said.
The System/360 also marked the first time that mainframes were compatible with each other. That meant a business could buy a small system and when it outgrew it, buy a larger one with the knowledge it could still run the same software and use the same peripherals.
That presented a whole different set of challenges for IBM. "These individual plants and labs that had never worked together before now were forced to. All the interfaces had to get aligned, all the software had to be portable," Toole said.
It was a huge bet for IBM. The company invested some $5 billion to develop the System/360, equal to almost double its annual revenue at the time.
"It was just a monumental task, with everyone working on it," Toole said. "It was extremely exciting, working around the clock and through the calendar."
He's modest about the "small" role he played, but he would go on to do well at IBM. He became a lab director, a division president and eventually general manager for IBM Technology Products. His son, Pat Toole, is general manager of the IBM mainframe business today.
The mainframe was an immediate success, Pat Toole Sr. said. "We were not only sold out for a couple of days, we were sold out for a couple of years."
Some customers ordered systems without being sure they would even need them when delivery time came around. There were also speculators, Toole said, who ordered systems hoping to sell the contract for a markup later on.
"One of the good problems was we got a lot of orders. One of the bad problems was, we didn't know how many of them were real," he said. IBM sent teams out to check which orders were valid.
Toole remembers the 360 launch day at IBM. "We had an all-hands meeting and they made a special movie to show everyone." But his best memory is of the "second launch" a few months later at IBM's stockholder meeting at the Endicott, New York, country club.
It was a sunny July day, IBM's board was there and people milled around large tents eating and drinking. They were shown into an auditorium, a few hundred at a time, to watch a film about the 360's development and of customers talking about how they planned to use it.
Toole was assigned to accompany Gil Jones, then head of IBM World Trade, IBM's international arm. He answered Jones' questions about the 360 and took him on a tour of the plant.
"You felt like you were in the right place," he said.
James Niccolai covers data centers and general technology news for IDG News Service. Follow James on Twitter at @jniccolai. James's e-mail address is james_niccolai@idg.com